Phosphate
- Phosphate is common in food, especially dairy products. Healthy kidneys remove the extra phosphate. Chronic kidney disease causes phosphate concentrations to increase.
- A high phosphate concentration can make the skin itchy. It is also a partial cause of bone and blood vessel disease.
Calcium
- Calcium is important for healthy bones. A raised calcium concentration may cause headaches, nausea, sore eyes, aching teeth, itchy skin, mood changes and confusion.
Potassium
- Potassium is found in many foods – particularly fruit and chocolate. Most excess potassium is normally removed from the body by the kidneys. Potassium is important for your general health and for the proper function of muscles and nerves
- Too much potassium can upset the electrical impulses that control the beating of the heart and sometimes even cause the heart to stop.
Haemoglobin
- People with CKD often have low haemoglobin levels: they have low red cell counts in their blood. This means they are anaemic. The anaemia is usually caused by a lack of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone made by the kidneys.
- In other cases it may be caused by low iron stores, which may be caused by blood loss
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